db-seed

Database Seed Generator

Generate seed scripts that populate databases with realistic, domain-appropriate sample data. Reads your schema and produces ready-to-run seed files.

Workflow

1. Find the Schema

Scan the project for schema definitions:

| Source | Location pattern | |--------|-----------------| | Drizzle schema | src/db/schema.ts, src/schema/*.ts, db/schema.ts | | D1 migrations | drizzle/*.sql, migrations/*.sql | | Raw SQL | schema.sql, db/*.sql | | Prisma | prisma/schema.prisma |

Read all schema files. Build a mental model of:

• Tables and their columns
• Data types and constraints (NOT NULL, UNIQUE, DEFAULT)
• Foreign key relationships (which tables reference which)
• JSON fields stored as TEXT (common in D1/SQLite)

2. Determine Seed Parameters

Ask the user:

| Parameter | Options | Default | |-----------|---------|---------| | Purpose | dev, demo, testing | dev | | Volume | small (5-10 rows/table), medium (20-50), large (100+) | small | | Domain context | "e-commerce store", "SaaS app", "blog", etc. | Infer from schema | | Output format | TypeScript (Drizzle), raw SQL, or both | Match project's ORM |

Purpose affects data quality:

• dev: Varied data, some edge cases (empty fields, long strings, unicode)
• demo: Polished data that looks good in screenshots and presentations
• testing: Systematic data covering boundary conditions, duplicates, special characters

3. Plan Insert Order

Build a dependency graph from foreign keys. Insert parent tables before children.

Example order for a blog schema:

1. users        (no dependencies)
2. categories   (no dependencies)
3. posts        (depends on users, categories)
4. comments     (depends on users, posts)
5. tags         (no dependencies)
6. post_tags    (depends on posts, tags)

Circular dependencies: If table A references B and B references A, use nullable foreign keys and insert in two passes (insert with NULL, then UPDATE).

4. Generate Realistic Data

Do NOT use generic placeholders like "test123", "foo@bar.com", or "Lorem ipsum". Generate data that matches the domain.

Data Generation Patterns (no external libraries needed)

Names: Use a hardcoded list of common names. Mix genders and cultural backgrounds.

const firstNames = ['Sarah', 'James', 'Priya', 'Mohammed', 'Emma', 'Wei', 'Carlos', 'Aisha'];
const lastNames = ['Chen', 'Smith', 'Patel', 'Garcia', 'Kim', 'O\'Brien', 'Nguyen', 'Wilson'];

Emails: Derive from names — sarah.chen@example.com. Use example.com domain (RFC 2606 reserved).

Dates: Generate within a realistic range. Use ISO 8601 format for D1/SQLite.

const randomDate = (daysBack: number) => {
  const d = new Date();
  d.setDate(d.getDate() - Math.floor(Math.random() * daysBack));
  return d.toISOString();
};

IDs: Use crypto.randomUUID() for UUIDs, or sequential integers if the schema uses auto-increment.

Deterministic seeding: For reproducible data, use a seeded PRNG:

function seededRandom(seed: number) {
  return () => {
    seed = (seed * 16807) % 2147483647;
    return (seed - 1) / 2147483646;
  };
}
const rand = seededRandom(42); // Same seed = same data every time

Prices/amounts: Use realistic ranges. (rand() * 900 + 100).toFixed(2) for $1-$10 range.

Descriptions/content: Write 3-5 realistic variations per content type and cycle through them. Don't generate AI-sounding prose — write like real user data.

5. Output Format

TypeScript (Drizzle ORM)

// scripts/seed.ts
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/d1';
import * as schema from '../src/db/schema';

export async function seed(db: ReturnType<typeof drizzle>) {
  console.log('Seeding database...');

  // Clear existing data (reverse dependency order)
  await db.delete(schema.comments);
  await db.delete(schema.posts);
  await db.delete(schema.users);

  // Insert users
  const users = [
    { id: crypto.randomUUID(), name: 'Sarah Chen', email: 'sarah@example.com', ... },
    // ...
  ];

  // D1 batch limit: 10 rows per INSERT
  for (let i = 0; i < users.length; i += 10) {
    await db.insert(schema.users).values(users.slice(i, i + 10));
  }

  // Insert posts (references users)
  const posts = [
    { id: crypto.randomUUID(), userId: users[0].id, title: '...', ... },
    // ...
  ];

  for (let i = 0; i < posts.length; i += 10) {
    await db.insert(schema.posts).values(posts.slice(i, i + 10));
  }

  console.log(`Seeded: ${users.length} users, ${posts.length} posts`);
}

Run with: npx tsx scripts/seed.ts

For Cloudflare Workers, add a seed endpoint (remove before production):

app.post('/api/seed', async (c) => {
  const db = drizzle(c.env.DB);
  await seed(db);
  return c.json({ ok: true });
});

Raw SQL (D1)

-- seed.sql
-- Run: npx wrangler d1 execute DB_NAME --local --file=./scripts/seed.sql

-- Clear existing (reverse order)
DELETE FROM comments;
DELETE FROM posts;
DELETE FROM users;

-- Users
INSERT INTO users (id, name, email, created_at) VALUES
  ('uuid-1', 'Sarah Chen', 'sarah@example.com', '2025-01-15T10:30:00Z'),
  ('uuid-2', 'James Wilson', 'james@example.com', '2025-02-01T14:22:00Z');

-- Posts (max 10 rows per INSERT for D1)
INSERT INTO posts (id, user_id, title, body, created_at) VALUES
  ('post-1', 'uuid-1', 'Getting Started', 'Welcome to...', '2025-03-01T09:00:00Z');

6. Idempotency

Seed scripts must be safe to re-run:

// Option A: Delete-then-insert (simple, loses data)
await db.delete(schema.users);
await db.insert(schema.users).values(seedUsers);

// Option B: Upsert (preserves non-seed data)
for (const user of seedUsers) {
  await db.insert(schema.users)
    .values(user)
    .onConflictDoUpdate({ target: schema.users.id, set: user });
}

Default to Option A for dev/testing, Option B for demo (where users may have added their own data).

D1-Specific Gotchas

| Gotcha | Solution | |--------|----------| | Max ~10 rows per INSERT | Batch inserts in chunks of 10 | | No native BOOLEAN | Use INTEGER (0/1) | | No native DATETIME | Use TEXT with ISO 8601 strings | | JSON stored as TEXT | JSON.stringify() before insert | | Foreign keys always enforced | Insert parent tables first | | 100 bound parameter limit | Keep batch size × columns < 100 |

Quality Rules

1. Match the domain — an e-commerce seed has products with real-sounding names and prices, not "Product 1"
2. Vary the data — don't make every user "John Smith" or every price "$9.99"
3. Include edge cases (for testing seeds) — empty strings, very long text, special characters, maximum values
4. Reference real IDs — foreign keys must point to actually-inserted parent rows
5. Print what was seeded — always log counts so the user knows it worked
6. Document the run command — put it in a comment at the top of the file